2G CDMA (IS-95)
 | |
|---|---|
| Frequencies | 815 MHz,894 MHz,1850 MHz,1995 MHz,880 MHz,960 MHz,1710 MHz,1880 MHz |
| Frequency Range | 815 MHz - 1995 MHz |
| Mode | RAW |
| Modulation | QPSK |
| ACF | — |
| Emission Designator | — |
| Bandwidth | 1.228 MHz |
| Location | Worldwide |
| Short Description | CDMA-One also known as IS-95, was the first ever cellular standard technology based off of CDMA. It is now defunct due to GSM and later classes of cellular techs replacing it. It is a predecessor of the 1xRTT (CDMA2000/IS-2000) standard, which is backwards compatible. |
| I/Q Raw Recording | — |
| Audio Sample | |
IS-95, commonly known by the brand name cdmaOne, is a 2G[1] digital cellular technology. Published in 1995 by a collaboration between Qualcomm, Motorola, and AT&T (later Lucent), IS-95 was the first major cellular technology to use spread-spectrum techniques to increase spectrum efficiency, user density, and signal robustness. IS-95 uses direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) to expand a 1.2-9.6 kbpsKilobits per second (kbps) or 14.4 kbpsKilobits per second (kbps) signal to a large bandwidth, and uses correlation to identify a station's signal via its assigned code and recover traffic, thus creating code-division multiple access (CDMACode Division Multiple Access). CDMACode Division Multiple Access allows cells to share frequencies, allowing for denser system construction than what was possible with AMPS[2]. cdmaOne competed against GSM with GPRS, an equivalent 2G technology[1].
Information[edit]
IS-95 exists as two largely compatible versions: the initially published IS-95A, and the later IS-95B that the name cdmaOne refers to. IS-95A provided a data rate of 14.4 kbpsKilobits per second (kbps), while IS-95B allowed aggregation of eight CDMACode Division Multiple Access channels to provide a 115.2 kbpsKilobits per second (kbps) data rate. As the physical layer of IS-95A and IS-95B are identical, infrastructure was not changed to upgrade IS-95A base stations to IS-95B[3]. IS-95B additionally supports the 1900 MHzMegaHertz (MHz) 10^6 Hz PCS band, while IS-95A was specified only for the 800 MHzMegaHertz (MHz) 10^6 Hz cellular band[4].
Separate channels, modulated with separate codes, on cdmaOne downlinks are synthesized in software and added together, creating a single 1.228 MHzMegaHertz (MHz) 10^6 Hz wide signal with multiple codes within. The code structure of cdmaOne permits 64 channels per base station. Some channels serve special purposes, such as receiver synchronization and base station identification[2]. Power control is necessary for cdmaOne systems both on the downlink and uplink sides in order to keep individual channels from occupying excessive amounts of channel resources. On the base station downlink, the process of adding channels together also performs the task of allocating a certain amount of transmitter power to each channel. On uplinks transmitted by subscribers, a power control mechanism adjusts the subscriber's transmitter power to keep it within a desirable range when received by the base station. This power control process solves the near-far problem that CDMACode Division Multiple Access systems are susceptible to.
Most cdmaOne networks have been upgraded to CDMA2000 or shut down entirely. LTE (4G) and 5G NR are displacing 2G and especially 3G technologies in North America[5] and Europe[6]. CDMACode Division Multiple Access networks are particularly affected by a decrease in available cell towers. As cdmaOne signals from the cell site not used by a receiver appear as noise, cdmaOne loses capacity as more subscribers try to use a single cell, and thus a minimum amount of infrastructure is needed in order to prevent congestion[7].
Samples[edit]
- Sample recorded in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (CDMA2000 signal with IS-95 backwards compatibility, confirmed here), Recording source: u/Southern_Repair_4416's post on r/cellmapper
- u/Southern_Repair_4416's comment on the recording: "The 800hz tones are traffic channels with the BS adjusting the TXTransmit power".
EDIT: TCH conversation starts at this duration: 0:17
Additional Links[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.01.1 Review on Generations in Mobile Cellular Technology. C. S. Patil, R. R. Karhe, M. A. Aher; Shri Gulabrao Deokar College of Engineering Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. October 2012. Accessed 10 October 2023.
- ↑ 2.02.1 IS-95, cdmaOne. Electronics Notes. Accessed 10 October 2023.
- ↑ Evolution of Wireless Data Services: IS-95 to cdma2000. Douglas N. Knisely, Sarath Kumar, Subhasis Laha, Sanjiv Nanda; Lucent Technologies. October 1998. Accessed 10 October 2023.
- ↑ A Walk Through To IS-95A, IS-95B, CDMA2000, And Call Processing, version 2. Rahul Chauhan. 20 June 2003. Accessed 10 October 2023.
- ↑ T-Mobile, Verizon, AT&T, and Sprint 2G/3G/4G LTE network shutdown dates: the sunset!. Daniel Petrov; PhoneArena. 22 February 2022. Accessed 10 October 2023.
- ↑ 2G / 3G Network Shutdown Status and Challenges. Susie Siouti; SmartViser. 9 June 2022; updated 28 April 2023. Accessed 10 October 2023.
- ↑ On the Optimal Base-Station Density for CDMA Cellular Networks. Stephen Hanly, Rudolf Mathar. 8 August 2002. Accessed 10 October 2023.
